NOUN CLAUSE

A noun clause is a dependent clause and cannot stand alone as a sentence.  It must be connected to an independent clause, a main clause. A noun clause has its own subject and verb. It can begin with a question word. It can begin with if or whether. And it can begin with that.  a) Noun clauses with question words: The following question words can be used to introduce a noun clause: when, where, why, how, who, whom, what, which, whose.  Example:  Answer this question using 'I don't know...' Where does Maria live? I don't know -------------. It is incorrect to say, "I don't know where does she live." Notice that "does she live" is a question form.  Noun clauses cannot be in question form; it has to be a statement. "I don't know where she lives" is the correct answer.  Noun clauses with who, what, whose + be: A noun or pronoun that follows main verb 'be' in a question comes in front of 'be' in a noun clause.  Example: --> Who is that boy? I don't know who that boy is. --> Whose pen is this? I don't know whose pen this is. A prepositional phrase does not come in front of 'be' in a noun clause.  Example: --> Who is in the office? I don't know who is in the office. --> Whose pen is on the desk? I don't know whose pen is on the desk. Notice that usual word order is not used when the question word is the subject of the question as in 'who' and 'what'.  In this case, the word order in the noun clause is the same as the word order in question. Be sure to complete the exercises in the assignments. b) Noun clauses, which begin with if or whether: When a yes/no question is changed to a noun clause, if is usually used to introduce the clause.   Example: --> Is Maria at home?                I don't know if Maria is at home. --> Does this bus go to Los Angeles?                I don't know if this bus goes to Los Angeles. --> Did Juan go to Mexico?                I wonder if Juan went to Mexico. Frequently, speakers may add 'or not'.  This comes at the end of the noun clause in sentences with 'if' and immediately after 'whether' in sentences with 'whether'. Example: --> I don't know if Maria is at home or not.  --> I don't know whether or not Maria is at home. Notice that we cannot use 'or not' immediately after 'if'. c) Noun clauses which begin with that:  A noun clause can be introduced by the word 'that'. --> I think that Ms. Weiss is a good teacher. In the sentence above, 'Ms. Weiss is a good teacher' is a noun clause. It is the object of the verb 'think'. That clauses are frequently used as the object of verbs which express mental activity. Here are some common verbs followed by 'that clauses'.  Assume that   believe that  discover that dream that Guess that    hear that     hope that     know that Learn that    notice that   predict that  prove that    Realize that  suppose that  suspect that  think that There are many more verbs that can be followed by "that" clause.  http://www.testyourenglish.net/english-online/subjects/nouncl1.html

Conditional Sentences

Real conditionals (factual / habitual / hypothetical / future possible)

Kalimat pengandaian tipe ini digunakan untuk mengekpresikan situasi atau aktivitas yang biasanya terjadi atau akan terjadi jika situasi pada if clause terpenuhi. Dengan kata lain, apa yang diandaikan itu memiliki peluang untuk terjadi atau menjadi kenyataan.

Sebagai contoh, ketika seorang teman mengajak saya, apakah malam ini saya mau nonton atau tidak, saya mungkin katakan:

• If I have the time, I will go. (Jika saya punya waktu, saya akan pergi).

Kalimat ini secara implisit juga berarti,

• If I don’t have the time, I will not go. (Jika saya tidak punya waktu, saya tidak akan pergi).

Conditional Sentences (Type 1)

conditional sentences (kalimat pengandaian). Conditional sentences terdiri dari dua bagian, yaitu subordinate clause (if-clause) yang merupakan pernyataan syarat dan main clause yang merupakan akibat terpenuhi atau tidaknya syarat yang terkandung dalam subordinate clause. Conditional sentences ada tiga jenis. Berikut ini akan kita bahas satu-persatu :

if clause : simple present tense

main clause : simple future tense

Pada tipe 1 ini suatu tindakan dalam main clause akan terjadi bila syarat dalam if

clause terpenuhi.

Example :
If I have a lot of money, I will buy a new car.

Conditional Sentences (Type 2)

if clause : simple past tense

main clause : past future tense (S + would + V1)

Tipe ini digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu tindakan/keadaan yang berlawanan/ bertentangan dengan kenyataan pada saat ini. Sebenarnya syarat dalam if-clause bisa saja terpenuhi, tetapi kemungkinannya sangat kecil.

Example :

If you studied hard, you would pass the exam.

(Real fact : You don’t study hard.)

Conditional sentence type 3

if clause : past perfect tense (S + had + V3)

main clause : past future perfect (S + would have + V3)
Conditional sentence type 3 ini digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu syarat yang tidak mungkin lagi dipenuhi karena waktunya telah berlalu. Dengan kata lain, kenyataan bertentangan/berlawanan dengan keadaan di masa lampau.
Example :
If I had studied hard, I would have passed the exam.
(Real fact : I didn’t study hard, so I didn’t pass the exam.
Atau, I didn’t pass the exam because I didn’t study hard.)

Exercise :
1. If I miss (miss) the buss the bus this afternoon , I’ll get a taxi.
2. If I had more money, would you marry (you,marry) me ?
3. Please don’t sign this contract before I checked (check, them)
4. You would have a lot off friends if you (not,be) so mean.

If / When

“if” dan “when” digunakan untuk Future Real Conditional, namun penggunaannya berbeda dengan bentuk Real Conditional. Dalam Future Real Conditional, “if” digunakan utnuk menjelaskan apa yang Anda tidak ketahui apa yang akan terjadi, sedangkan “when” digunakan untuk menjelaskan suatu kejadian yang Anda ketahui akan terjadi pada waktu tertentu.

Contoh:

• When you call me, I will give you the address.
• You are going to call me later, and at that time, I will give you the address.
• If you call me, I will give you the address.
• If you want the address, you can call me.

Future Unreal Conditional

BENTUK Ke 1 (Bentuk Yang Paling Umum)

• [If ... Simple Past ..., ... would + verb ...]
• [... would + verb ... if ... Simple Past ...]

PENGGUNAAN

Future Unreal Conditional digunakan untuk membicarakan tentang situasi yang kita bayangkan di masa yang akan datang. Bentuk ini tidak sama dengan Future Real Conditional karena apapun bisa terjadi di masa yang akan datang. Bentuk ini hanya digunakan ketika si pembicara perlu untuk menekankan bahwa sesuatu itu tidak mungkin. Karena bentuk ini hampir sama dengan Present Unreal Conditional, banyak native speaker lebih suka menggunakan bentuk ke 2 di bawah

Contoh:

• If I had a day off from work next week, I would go to the beach.
  I don’t have a day off from work.
• I am busy next week. If I had time, I would come to your party.
  I can’t come.
• Jerry would help me with my homework tomorrow if he didn’t have to work.
  He does have to work tomorrow.

Refrensi:

Andri, Yelvi Z.”Buku Pintar Grammar: Untuk Pemula.Transmedia,2010.Jakarta

http://achmooo.blogspot.com/2009/11/conditional-sentences.html